I Add to My Tree but Then When I Add Again It Doesnt Remember What I Already Did Java
In the Baronial edition of Byte magazine in 1981, David Robson opens his article, which became the introduction of Object-Oriented Software Systems for many, by admitting upwards front end that it is a divergence from what many familiar with imperative, top-down programming are used to.
"Many people who have no idea how a computer works find the idea of object-oriented programming quite natural. In contrast, many people who accept experience with computers initially think there is something strange about object oriented systems."
Information technology is off-white to say that, generations subsequently, the idea of organizing your code into larger meaningful objects that model the parts of your problem continues to puzzle programmers. If they are used to top-down programming or functional programming, which treats elements of code equally precise mathematical functions, it takes some getting used to. After an initial hype period had promised improvements for modularising and organising big codebases, the idea was over applied. With OOP beingness followed past OOA (object-oriented analysis) and OOD (object-oriented design) it soon felt like everything you did in software had to be broken downward to objects and their relationships to each other. Then the critics arrived on the scene, some of them quite disappointed.
Some claimed that under OOP writing tests is harder and information technology requires extra care to refactor. There is the overhead when reusing lawmaking that the creator of Erlang famously described equally a case when you lot wanted a banana simply you got a gorilla holding the assistant. Everything comes with an implicit, inescapable environs.
Other ways of describing this new fashion of solving issues include the illustration betwixt an imperative programmer as "a melt or a chemist, following recipes and formulas to achieve a desired consequence" and the object oriented programmer as "a greek philosopher or 19th century naturalist concerned with the proper taxonomy and description of the creatures and places of the programming earth."
Was the success just a coincidence?
OOP is even so one of the dominant paradigms right at present. But that might be due to the success of languages who happen to exist OOP. Java, C++ and Kotlin rule mobile for Android and Swift and Objective-C for iOS so you can't develop software for mobile unless you understand the object-oriented approach. For the spider web, information technology'due south JavaScript, Python, PHP and Ruby.
Asking why so many widely-used languages are OOP might be mixing up cause and consequence. Richard Feldman argues in his talk that it might just be coincidence. C++ was developed in the early 1980s by Bjarne Stroustrup, initially equally a gear up of extensions to the C programming language. Edifice on C , C++ added object orientation simply Feldman argues information technology became popular for the overall upgrade from C including type-safety and added support for automatic resource direction, generic programming, and exception handling, amid other features.
And then Java wanted to entreatment to C++ programmers and doubled down on the OOP part. Ultimately, Sun Microsystems wanted to repeat the C++ fob past aiming for greatest familiarity for developers adopting Coffee.
Millions of developers quickly moved to Java due to its exclusive integration in web browsers at the time. Seen this way, OOP seems to just be hitching a ride, rather than driving the success.
What tin OOP do that is unique to it?
There are some valuable aspects to OOP, some of which go along it omnipresent even when it has its drawbacks. Let's look at the cornerstones of OOP.
Encapsulation. This ways that data is generally hidden from other parts of a language—placed in a sheathing, if y'all will. OOP encapsulates data by default; objects incorporate both the information and the methods that affect that data, and good OOP practice means you provide getter and setter methods to control access to that information. This protects mutable data from being changed willy nilly, and makes application data safer.
Supposedly, it is one of the greatest benefits of OOP. Even though it is most ordinarily associated with object-oriented programming, the concept itself is in fact separate from it and can be implemented without using objects. Abstraction is a complementary concept to encapsulation here; where encapsulation hides internal information, brainchild provides an easier-to-use public interface to information. In any case, it is non uniquely a OOP feature and tin be done with modules isolating a system function or a set of data and operations on those information within a module.
Inheritance. Because objects can be created as subtypes of other objects, they tin inherit variables and methods from those objects. This allows objects to support operations divers past anterior types without having to provide their ain definition. The goal is to not repeat yourself—multiple uses of the same code is hard to maintain. But functional programming can likewise achieve Dry out through reusable functions. Same goes for memory efficiency. Even though inheritance does contribute to that, so does the concept of closures in FP.
While inheritance is a OOP specific idea, some debate its benefits tin can exist better achieved by composition. If you lose inheritance, objects and methods quickly deliquesce as the syntactic saccharide for structs and procedures they are. Note that: Inheritance is too necessary to allow polymorphism, which we discuss below.
Polymorphism. Literally, shape-irresolute, this concept allows one object or method, whether it's a generic, an interface, or a regular object, to serve as the template for other objects and methods. There are many forms of polymorphism. A single function can exist overloaded, shape-shift and adapt to whichever class it'due south in. Object oriented programming tends to use a lot of subtyping polymorphism and advert-hoc polymorphism, only again, this is not a concept limited to OOP.
Seems like in 2020, there is not and then much that OOP can do that other programming paradigms cannot, and a proficient programmer will use strategies from multiple paradigms together in the battle against complexity. For example, if you look at the tags virtually often appearing in relation to a question tagged under OOP vs functional programming, JavaScript pops up in both.
What'south to come?
OOP has, however, been wildly successful. It may exist that this success is a effect of a massive industry that supports and is supported past OOP.
So what about the developers themselves? Our Programmer Survey this yr shows that they are gaining more and more purchasing influence. Well, if we also look at what developers adopt to work with, Haskell and Scala are amongst the most loved programming languages. Scala gets y'all the 2d highest salary. Then maybe with more FP evangelism, they will climb the listing of most popular languages, too.
There is some movement though, large companies like Twitter are running their backend almost entirely on Scala lawmaking. Facebook who has been recently applying Haskell and many of the major OOP languages are also adopting functional features. .Internet has LINQ and Java 8 introduced Lambdas. JavaScript is increasingly functional despite the introduction of classes in ES6. Swift may be the happy medium between an object-oriented and a functional language. Then perhaps there's no need to cull: you tin can have your course Block and EatCake() information technology likewise.
Special thanks to Ryan, whose great insights and edits helped with this post.
Tags: functional programming, object oriented programming, oop
Source: https://stackoverflow.blog/2020/09/02/if-everyone-hates-it-why-is-oop-still-so-widely-spread/
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